May 30, 2026
Phase 3 gave us table.ScanAll() — iterate through every row. But there’s no way to say “only rows where age > 25” or “only the name column.” Phase 4 adds that.
This is the first time the database actually looks at what’s inside the rows. Before this, data was just stored and retrieved. Now it’s evaluated.
May 27, 2026
Phase 1 gave us pages and heap files (raw byte storage on disk). Phase 2 gave us schemas and serialization (typed values to/from bytes). But these two layers don’t know about each other — you’d have to manually serialize values, manually find a page with space, manually write it back.
Phase 3 connects them. A Table ties a schema to a heap file so you can just say InsertRow(values). A Catalog manages multiple tables so you can say GetTable("users").
May 23, 2026
In Phase 1, pages store raw bytes — InsertTuple([]byte("alice")). The page has no idea what those bytes mean. Phase 2 adds the layer that gives bytes meaning: a schema that defines columns and types, and a serializer that converts typed values to/from bytes.
After this phase, we can say “this row has an INT called id, a VARCHAR called name, and a BOOL called active” and reliably pack/unpack those values.
In PostgreSQL, this is implemented in src/backend/access/common/heaptuple.c with the tuple header defined in src/include/access/htup_details.h.
May 16, 2026
Every database needs to store data on disk and read it back. But disks don’t work like memory — you can’t read a single byte efficiently. Disk I/O works in blocks. The operating system reads and writes in chunks (typically 4KB). Databases lean into this by organizing all data into fixed-size pages that match the OS block size.
A heap file is the simplest way to organize pages — just stack them end-to-end in a file. “Heap” means unordered: rows go wherever there’s room.
Jul 15, 2022
When working with state hooks like useReducer or useState or useContext, it can become expensive to render components. If we let the framework handle rendering, all components and children components will be rendered if the parent uses state or context hooks or an action is dispatch into the reducer hook. Today we will look at optimisation to stop the rendering propagation for components which do not need to be rendered.
May 06, 2022
Last week we looked at Apollo Client and how it could be used to manage queries to GraphQL server. In today’s post, we’ll look at the different fetching policies provided to manage query data and caching.
Apr 29, 2022
Apollo client allows us to easily manage our GraphQL queries and data from the clientside. It provides functionalities such as caching, loading state and data propagation to components and most importantly; is compatible with all major UI frameworks. In today’s post, we’ll look at how we can simply hook Apollo client in a React application and use it to query our GraphQL server.
Apr 22, 2022
Common table expression, also called WITH queries, can be used to create auxiliary queries that can be used in larger queries. They can be used to breakdown complex queries into multiple simpler queries which are then used in a primary statement or they can also be used to write recursive queries. In today’s post, we will look at how to define CTE with examples in Postgres.
Apr 15, 2022
useReducer hook in React allows us to manage state in a redux manner. This is useful for handling complex state in a single object, as opposed to useState which is better used with single variable state. With useReducer, we can define a reducer, a set of actions to interact with the state and use a dispatcher to dispatch the actions from our component. In today’s post we will look at how we can use useReducer with example.
Apr 08, 2022
useMemo hook in React can be used to memoize values. Memoization is used as an optimization by caching previous result of computation and directly returning the result when teh same inputs are requested. In today’s post, we’ll look at how we can use useMemo.
Apr 01, 2022
Callback hook in React can be used to memoized a callback function to skip unnecessary rendering. In today’s post we will see why we would useCallback hook.
Mar 25, 2022
Ref hook in React can be used to keep a mutable reference across multiple renders. In today’s post we will see how we can use useRef hook and when they are useful.
Mar 18, 2022
Context hook in React can be used to manage global state. In today’s post we will see how we can use useContext hook and how we can pair it with useState to provide a global state to all children components.
Mar 11, 2022
When using React hooks, we often come across scenarios where we need to perform side effects. For that, a built-in hook is in our disposal; useEffect. In today’s post, we’ll look at how to use useEffect hook and in which context it should be used.
Mar 04, 2022
Few months ago we looked at how we could use web3.py to directly compile Solidity contracts and deploy them on a local ganache-cli blockchain. Although that’s a possible way of deploying smart contracts, it wouldn’t be a recommended way to manage production grade contracts. For that, we would be delegating the steps to a development and testing framework for smart contracts. Such environment provides us an easy way to manage project of smart contracts, manage dependencies, and test our smart contracts. In today’s post, we will look at Brownie, a Python-based development and testing framework for EVM smart contracts
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