Blog - kimserey lam

May 23, 2026

OLTP – Phase 2 Tuple/Record Format

In Phase 1, pages store raw bytes — InsertTuple([]byte("alice")). The page has no idea what those bytes mean. Phase 2 adds the layer that gives bytes meaning: a schema that defines columns and types, and a serializer that converts typed values to/from bytes.

After this phase, we can say “this row has an INT called id, a VARCHAR called name, and a BOOL called active” and reliably pack/unpack those values.

In PostgreSQL, this is implemented in src/backend/access/common/heaptuple.c with the tuple header defined in src/include/access/htup_details.h.

May 16, 2026

OLTP – Phase 1 Pages and Heap Files

Every database needs to store data on disk and read it back. But disks don’t work like memory — you can’t read a single byte efficiently. Disk I/O works in blocks. The operating system reads and writes in chunks (typically 4KB). Databases lean into this by organizing all data into fixed-size pages that match the OS block size.

A heap file is the simplest way to organize pages — just stack them end-to-end in a file. “Heap” means unordered: rows go wherever there’s room.

Jul 15, 2022

Prevent Unnecessary Rendering When Using React Hooks

When working with state hooks like useReducer or useState or useContext, it can become expensive to render components. If we let the framework handle rendering, all components and children components will be rendered if the parent uses state or context hooks or an action is dispatch into the reducer hook. Today we will look at optimisation to stop the rendering propagation for components which do not need to be rendered.

May 06, 2022

Apollo Client Fetch Policy

Last week we looked at Apollo Client and how it could be used to manage queries to GraphQL server. In today’s post, we’ll look at the different fetching policies provided to manage query data and caching.

Apr 29, 2022

Query Graphql With Apollo Client React

Apollo client allows us to easily manage our GraphQL queries and data from the clientside. It provides functionalities such as caching, loading state and data propagation to components and most importantly; is compatible with all major UI frameworks. In today’s post, we’ll look at how we can simply hook Apollo client in a React application and use it to query our GraphQL server.

Apr 22, 2022

Common Table Expression In Postgres

Common table expression, also called WITH queries, can be used to create auxiliary queries that can be used in larger queries. They can be used to breakdown complex queries into multiple simpler queries which are then used in a primary statement or they can also be used to write recursive queries. In today’s post, we will look at how to define CTE with examples in Postgres.

Apr 15, 2022

React Reducer Hook

useReducer hook in React allows us to manage state in a redux manner. This is useful for handling complex state in a single object, as opposed to useState which is better used with single variable state. With useReducer, we can define a reducer, a set of actions to interact with the state and use a dispatcher to dispatch the actions from our component. In today’s post we will look at how we can use useReducer with example.

Apr 08, 2022

React Memo Hook

useMemo hook in React can be used to memoize values. Memoization is used as an optimization by caching previous result of computation and directly returning the result when teh same inputs are requested. In today’s post, we’ll look at how we can use useMemo.

Apr 01, 2022

React Callback Hook

Callback hook in React can be used to memoized a callback function to skip unnecessary rendering. In today’s post we will see why we would useCallback hook.

Mar 25, 2022

React Ref Hook

Ref hook in React can be used to keep a mutable reference across multiple renders. In today’s post we will see how we can use useRef hook and when they are useful.

Mar 18, 2022

React Context Hook

Context hook in React can be used to manage global state. In today’s post we will see how we can use useContext hook and how we can pair it with useState to provide a global state to all children components.

Mar 11, 2022

React Effect Hook

When using React hooks, we often come across scenarios where we need to perform side effects. For that, a built-in hook is in our disposal; useEffect. In today’s post, we’ll look at how to use useEffect hook and in which context it should be used.

Mar 04, 2022

Smart Contract Development With Brownie

Few months ago we looked at how we could use web3.py to directly compile Solidity contracts and deploy them on a local ganache-cli blockchain. Although that’s a possible way of deploying smart contracts, it wouldn’t be a recommended way to manage production grade contracts. For that, we would be delegating the steps to a development and testing framework for smart contracts. Such environment provides us an easy way to manage project of smart contracts, manage dependencies, and test our smart contracts. In today’s post, we will look at Brownie, a Python-based development and testing framework for EVM smart contracts

Feb 25, 2022

Setup Local Development Blockchain With Ganache

Ganache is a local blockchain which allows us to develop and test smart contract easily. In today’s post, we will look at how we can start a development Ethereum blockchain in few clicks, and we will look at the feature provided by Ganache.

Feb 18, 2022

Dbeaver Auto Commit And Manual Commit

When using DBeaver, we can choose betweeen using auto commit or manual commit modes when executing SQL scripts. In today’s post, we will look at how we can switch between the two and how transactions can be managed.